This blog has exclusively academic content as an Ad Honorem contribution to the research center of the Faculty of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Drilling chapter of the National University of Engineering. I am a Petroleum Engineer graduated from the National University of Engineering of Peru. I work in an oil and gas company as Sr. Drilling Engineer with more than 14 years of experience and working in different countries as a Argentina, Angola, Colombia, Venezuela and Perú.
Some professional challenges:
1.-Drilling Extended Reach wells in Camisea Project, Block 88 and 56. Well type "J" Cat.5 with Offshore in Land operations in Ucayali Basin going Through Vivian, Nia, Noi and Copacabana Formations. 2. Drilling Unconventional wells HP-HT in la Calera Project. Horizontal wells Cat.5 in Neuquén Basin going through Quintuco, Vaca Muerta, Tordillo formations. 3. Drilling Wildcats Exploration Wells in Ene Basin. Vertical wells, Cat.5 going Through Chonta, Raya, Cushabatay, Ambo formations. 4. Drilling Tight gas wells in Centenario Field. Wells type "S". Cat.3 in Neuquén Basin. Quintuco, Molles and Lajas formations. 5.Drilling Exploratory well in Angola. Vertical Wells Cat.4 in Congo Basin going through Pinda, Loeme ( evaporite), Lucula, Bucomazi, Mayombe Formations. 6. Drilling wells campaigns in the Jungle, Yanayacu, Corrientes, Jibarito and Capahuari Sur Fields. Wells type horizontal Cat.3 with offshore in Land in Marañon Basin going through Pebas, Chambira, Yahuarango, Vivian, Chonta, Agua Caliente, Raya, cushabatay formations. 7. Drilling Reentry wells campaign in the jungle in Corrientes, Capahuari Sur and Pavayacu Fields in Marañon Basin. Wells Cat3. Going through Lower Red Beds, Cachiyacu, Vivian formations. 8. Drilling training in Talara Basin. Vertical Wells Cat2. Marginal field going through Verdum, Pariñas Sup, Mogollon, Basal Salinas formations. 9. Training in Production in the jungle as design engineer in electric sumergible pump , gas lift and then as a Battery operator in Corrientes, Pavayacu and Saramuro, trainning in CCTQ, some challenges with heavy oil production ( 15 API) water drive reservoirs. 10. Start-up Family Business about Energy ABV Ingenieros Consultores SAC, about rural Electrification projects. Co-Founder ( Not related to the hydrocarbon sector).
Friday, October 23, 2020
GEOLOGY II - SALT
Los domos de sal tienen una estructura interna sumamente complicada, específicamente un fuerte plegamiento. También el sector de contacto con las rocas más jóvenes se ve intensamente afectado por las fuerzas de la subida de la estructura.
El exceso de movimiento que se observó en los estudios realizados en el Golfo de México fue de hasta 1 pulgada / hora.
En contraste, para sales denominadas como una sal "limpia" (halita) no muestra ningún movimiento, es prácticamente inmóvil, cabe aclarar que la movilidad está fuertemente afectada por las condiciones de temperatura, contenido de agua y presión a la que se encuentra.
Ventajas en la perforación de sal
La sal de hecho proporciona una serie de ventajas para la perforación:
(2). La ventaja de perforar en la sal, es la capacidad de reducir significativamente el riesgo de situaciones de control.
(2). La presión de los poros de las formaciones inferiores son elevadas.
(3). La dureza de la sal hace difícil el control direccional.
Una mala selección de las propiedades del lodo de perforación en el caso del lodo base agua pueden crear diferentes diámetros en el pozo por efecto de la disolución de las paredes de la sal causando problemas en el asentamiento de la tubería de revestimiento, al finalizar la etapa por tener un agujero mal configurado, (fuera de calibre) que aunque la afluencia de la sal podría estabilizar se debe considerar que la estructura no tiene la misma composición mineralógica en las distintas profundidades lo que podría provocar que algunas partes permanezcan inmóviles lo que deja un pozo irregular, lo que acarrearía serios problemas en la cementación primaria de la TR aumentando los costos de la perforación al tener que realizar cementaciones forzadas.
El cierre de la sal aumenta la carga sobre la tubería de revestimiento y el cemento ya que ambos deben ser capaces de resistir las fuerzas aplicadas por la sal que se expande radialmente en algunas ocasiones no homogéneamente y aprieta el pozo, como se muestra en la Fig.3.4, por lo que se deben considerar estas condiciones en el diseño de asentamiento de las tuberías de revestimiento (TR) considerando una resistencia al colapso alta.
CASING
Thursday, October 22, 2020
Friday, September 4, 2020
2.- PROJECT EVALUATION
Exploration Risk :
The ALARP principle is sometimes used in the oil and gas industry . The use of the ALARP principle may be interpreted as, satisfying a requirement to keep the risk level “as low as possible” provided that the ALARP evaluations are extensively documented. In the ALARP region (between “lower tolerable limit” and “upper tolerable limit”), the risk is tolerable, only if risk reduction is impracticable or if its cost is grossly disproportionate to the improvement gained. The common way to determine what is practicable is to use cost–benefit evaluations as a basis for the decision on whether certain risk reducing measures should be implemented. A risk may not be justified in any ordinary circumstance, if it is higher than the “upper tolerable limit.” The “upper tolerable limit” is usually defined, whereas the “lower tolerable limit” may sometimes be left undefined. This will not prohibit effective use of the approach, as it implies that ALARP evaluations of risk reducing measures will always be required. The ALARP principle used for risk acceptance is applicable to risks regarding personnel, the environment, and assets.
Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
Percentil P10, P50, Pmean, P90 :
One technique that the industry uses to understand and quantify distributions of data is percentiles (or cumulative probabilities). This organizes the distribution into increments between 0 and 100. For example, the 10th percentile or P10 number say 10 percent of my wells will have a value “less than or equal to” my P10 value. The location of percentiles on a typical lognormal distribution would look something like:
Comparing to the P10, which could potentially give estimates that are over-optimistic, and the P90, a conservative estimate which could potentially leave too much oil, both providing confusing future trends. It is a common misunderstanding that the P50 is a synonym of P mean. This will be true is the probability distribution function for the observations were symmetrical. In this case, the mode, P mean and P50 would all be the same.
· N = OOIP (STB)
· 7758 = conversion factor from acre-ft to bbl
· A = area of reservoir (acres) from map data
· h = height or thickness of pay zone (ft) from log and/or core data
· ø = porosity (decimal) from log and/or core data
· Sw = connate water saturation (decimal) from log and/or core data
· Boi = formation volume factor for oil at initial conditions (reservoir bbl/STB) from lab data
· G = OGIP(SCF)
· 43560 = conversion factor from acre-ft to ft3
· Bgi = formation volume factor for gas at initial conditions (reservoir ft3/SCF)
· Solution gas : 18 – 25%
· Expansion : 2 – 5%
· Gas cap drive : 20 – 40%
· Water Drive (bottom) : 20 – 40%
· Water Drive (Edge) : 35 – 60%
· Gravity : 50 – 70%
Recovery Oil reserve = OOIP or OGIP x RF
"D" represents the value of the cash flows for each of the exercises, "i" the interest rate expected to be obtained or the rate of return of an investment of risk and similar duration and "n" the number of periods that it is estimated of the operation of the company.
Cash Outflows (expenditure)
- Initial investment to purchase assets
- Operating costs such as labor and materials
- Tax payments
- Project management expenses
- Any other outflow caused by accepting the project
Cash Inflows (income)
- Project revenues and grants
- Eventual scrap value of assets
- Any other inflow caused by accepting the project